Lower-order needs: needs that are satisfied externally; physiological and safety needs
Theory X and theory Y
Douglas McGregor proposed two distinct views of human beings: one basically negative, labelled Theory X, and the other basically positive, labelled Theory Y.
Under Theory X, managers believe that employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed at work or even forced to do it.
Under Theory Y, managers assume that employees can view work as natural as rest of play, and therefore the average person can learn to accept, and even seek, responsibility.
Two Factor theory
Psychologist Frederick Herzberg proposed the two-factor theory. Herzberg investigated the question "What do people want from their jobs?"
-Herzberg concluded that the replies people gave when they felt good about their jobs differed significantly from the replies given when they felt bad.
-Intrinsic factors, such as advancement, recognition, responsibility and achievement, seem related to job satisfaction. On the other hand, dissatisfied respondents tended to cite extrinsic factors, such as supervision, pay, company policies and working conditions.
His findings indicated the existence of a dual continuum:
-The opposite of satisfaction is no satisfaction.
-The opposite of dissatisfaction is no dissatisfaction.
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